Hydatid cyst is regarded as a zoonotic parasitic infestation, which can be produced more commonly by E. granulosus as a common form and rarely by Echinococcus multilocularis as the alveolar form. The prognosis of the latter is poor with almost 100% mortality and usually presents as unencapsulated, porous, and necrotic mass (3, 4).
Hydatid cyst can involve almost every organ of the body (2). Involvement of cervical cord with hydtid cyst is extremely rare. Description of the first case of echinococcosis affecting the spine was coined by Churrier in 1807 (5, 6). To the best of the author’s knowledge, only three cases of intramedullary hydatid cyst have been reported in the current literature (7, 8). Senol et al. reported on a 55 - year - old female patient, who had cervical intramedullary hydatid cyst, and there were also multiple cysts in her liver, spleen, and lungs, which were successfully removed by surgery yet her cervical intramedullary hydatid cyst was not operated due to high risk location, thus, the patient’s follow up was done regularly (8).
This is the first report of primary involvement of cervical cord by hydatid cyst. On second admission, precise evaluation showed no liver and lung involvement yet in the follow-up period (after three months), a cystic lesion was seen via abdominal sonography that was highly suspicious to be a hydatid cyst.
Hydatid cyst involves the vertebral column in 0.2% to 1% of patients and spinal involvement is reported in about 45% of cases (9).
According to a research by Braithwaite and Lees, spinal hydatid cysts have been categorized in five types: Intramedullary, intradural - extramedullary, extradural, and hydatid cysts of vertebra and paravertebral area with extension to spinal structures. The first three types are rare yet the last two are more common (10). A combination of the mentioned types, such as extensive spinal involvement, including bony parts of the spine and extramedullary and intramedullary spine, has also been reported in the literature (11).
There is no pathognomonic sign or symptom for spinal hydatid cyst, and patients mostly refer with compression - related symptoms, e.g. radiculopathy, myelopathy, local pain, and pathologic fractures.
Diagnosis of hydatid cyst can be made if the patient originates from or has travelled to an endemic region. Serological and radiological tests are extremely helpful in diagnosis. Nowadays, specific ELISA/Western blot serology is about 80% to 100% specific and 88% to 96% sensitive in hepatic hydatid cyst infections yet it is less sensitive in other organs (25% to 56%), which makes the diagnosis even more challenging (4).
Differential diagnosis of intramedullary cystic lesions includes cystic astrocytoma, ependymoma, hematoma, arachnoid cyst, and epidermoid cyst (12).
Surgical excision for prompt neural decompression plus adjuvant anthelmintic therapy is the treatment of choice for its management (13). Recommended anthelmintic therapy for hydatidosis is albendazole 400 mg twice daily for 28 days, which can pre-operatively decrease cyst pressure as well as preventing recurrence of hydatosis. Post-operation repeating of anthelmintic therapy for one year is also recommended to avoid further relapses (14, 15). Cyst puncture and aspiration of contents with extirpation of cyst wall can be helpful when complete cyst removal is not feasible (13).
Prevention and control of human cystic echinococcosis is the best way to reduce its burden in regional endemic areas. This can be achieved in several ways, including deworming dogs, promoting public education, meat inspection, and early diagnosis and proper follow-up of the affected patients (16).
In conclusion, although rare, yet hydatid cyst should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cystic lesions of the spine in endemic areas even in the absence of positive serological tests.
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